October 17
~ Albert Einstein Arrives in America (1933) - Albert Einstein moved to America as a refugee from Germany. He became a Professor of Theoretical Physics at the institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He gained his American citizenship in 1940.
~ Black Poetry Day (1711) - Honors the birthday of Jupiter Hammon, the first African American to publish his poetry. His first poem "An Evening's Thought: Salvation by Christ, with Penitential Cries" was published on December 25, 1760.
~ 1989 - San Francisco Earthquake (1989) - as the World Series was about to begin, a 7.1 earthquake hit the San Francisco Bay area. The quake caused $10 billion in damage and killed 67 people.
October 18
~ Alaska Day - Alaska Day is celebrated on October 18th marking the anniversary of the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States. The transfer took place at a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Sitka on Friday October 18, 1867.
~ Long Distance Day - (1892) - the first commercial long-distance phone line opens connecting Chicago and New York, 950 miles.
October 19
~ Star Spangled Banner 1st Sung (1814) - The Star Spangled Banner was first performed at the Holliday Street Theater in Baltimore on October 19, 1814. Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" after witnessing the British bombing of Ft. McHenry during the War of 1812 - and the flag was still standing!
October 20
~ Senate approved Louisiana Purchase(1803) - United States Senate approved the Louisiana Purchase. President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million doubling the size of the country. Lewis and Clark were hired to explore the Louisiana Territory.
~ Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia, was formally opened (1973) and dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II.
October 21
~ Edison Perfected the Incandescent Light Bulb (1879) - Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated the first practical incandescent lamp. The carbon filament lamp lasted for 13.5 hours. He continued to improve this design and filed for a U.S. patent on November 4th.
October 22
~ First Parachute Jump (1797) - Andre-Jacques Garnerin made his first successful parachute jump above Paris. He first ascended to an altitude of 3,200 feet in a balloon, then jumped from the basket. He landed about half a mile from the takeoff site unharmed. After his first jump, he included an air vent at the top of the parachutes.
~ Union Pacific M-10000 travels coast-to-coast (1934) - The Union Pacific M-10000 Streamliner was delivered to Pullman, Illinois, on February 12, 1934. On October 22-25, 1934, the Union Pacific M-10000 traveled coast to coast from Los Angeles to New York in 56 hours and 55 minutes.
October 23
~ Crayola Crayons First Sold (1903) - They cost a nickel a box for eight crayons: red, blue, yellow, green, violet, orange, black and brown. Alice Binney, wife of company founder Edwin Binney, came up with the name “Crayola” from “craie,” the French word for chalk and “ola,” from “oleaginous” which means oily.
October 24
~ United Nations Day(1945) - Organization of independent states formed in 1945 committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. Currently, 192 countries are members of the United Nations and 3 countries are not members of the United Nations.
~ First Barrel Jump Over Niagara Falls (1901) - Annie Edson Taylor was the first to survive a trip over Niagara Falls in a barrel. She used a custom-made barrel with padding and leather straps. She climbed inside the airtight barrel, the air pressure was compressed with a bicycle pump and on her 63rd birthday, she headed down the Niagara River towards Horseshoe Falls. After the plunge, rescuers found her alive with only a small gash on her head.
~ 1929 - Stock Market Panic (Black Thursday) (1929) - Times were good in the 1920s and the stock prices soared to peaks never seen before. But the bubble burst and stocks declined rapidly. On October 24th, 1929 (Black Thursday), investors began panic selling and more than 13 million shares were sold. The market continued to slide and on Tuesday, October 29th (Black Tuesday), about 16 million shares were dumped and billions of dollars were lost. This resulted in the Great Depression which lasted until about 1939.
October 25
~ Microwave Ovens Introduced (1955) - in Mansfield, Ohio, by the Tappan Company.
~ John Adams Marries Abigail Smith (1764) - Abigail Smith married John Adams. John and Abigail Adams were the first residents in the White House in Washington, D.C. John Adams became the 2nd President of the United States in 1797.
October 26
~ Hillary Rodham Clinton's Birthday (1947) - born in Chicago, Illinois. Hillary Clinton was a lawyer before becoming the First Lady.
October 27
~ Theodore Roosevelt's Birthday (1858 - 1919) - 26th President of the United States. He was the youngest President to hold office. Theodore Roosevelt steered the country more actively into world politics. President Roosevelt ensured the construction of the Panama Canal. Being a naturalist, President Roosevelt reorganized the federal Forest Service. He doubled the number of national parks, created 50 wildlife refuges and made 16 wild areas national monuments.
~ New York Subway Opens (1904) - The New York Subway was the first underground and underwater rail system in the world. The fare to ride the subway was 5 cents and was paid using tokens purchased from the attendant. Prices have risen over the years and the tokens have been replaced by MetroCards.
October 28
~ Statue of Liberty Dedicated (1886) - The Statue of Liberty is a large monumental statue symbolizing liberty on Liberty Island in New York Bay. It was presented to the United States by the people of France and dedicated on October 28, 1886. The Statue of Liberty symbolizes freedom throughout the world. Its formal name is Liberty Enlightening the World. The statue depicts a woman escaping the chains of tyranny. Her right hand holds a burning torch representing liberty. Her left hand holds a tablet inscribed with “July 4, 1776” the date the United States declared independence from England. She is wearing flowing robes and the seven rays of her crown symbolize the seven seas and continents
~ Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (1793) - Born in Westborough, Massachusetts. A cotton gin is a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers.
~ National Chocolate Day - Chocolate dates back to the ancient peoples of Mesoamerica who drank chocolate as a bitter beverage.
October 29~ John Glenn - Oldest Man in Space (1998) - 77 year old John Glenn became the oldest man to travel in space aboard the space shuttle Discovery. In 1962, aboard the Friendship 7, he had become the first American to orbit the earth.
October 30
~ National Candy Corn Day - The Goelitz Confectionery Co. invented the popular Halloween confection known as candy corn in the 1880s. Candy corn orders soared and by 1912, the company wasn’t able to keep up with the orders and had to turn some away. The candy corn business carried the family through the Great Depression and two world wars.
October 31
~ 1941 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial Completed (1941) - The faces of four presidents were carved into a mountain in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum designed Mount Rushmore and carving began in 1927. It took 14 years and 400 people to finish the monument. The presidents in the Mount Rushmore National Memorial are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln.
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